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Evaluate the Extent to Which the Demographic Changes From 1500 to 1700 Altered Family Life

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Demographic history is the reconstructed record of human being population in the past. Given the lack of population records prior to the 1950s, there are many gaps in our tape of demographic history. Historical demographers must brand exercise with estimates, models and extrapolations. For the demographic methodology, see historical demography.

Graph showing population by continent as a percentage of world population (1750 - 2005)

Historical population of the earth [edit]

Population of the world from 10,000 BC to 2000 AD (logarithmic scale)

Estimating the bequeathed population of anatomically modern humans, Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones chose premises based on gorilla and chimpanzee population densities of one/km² and 3-4/km²,[i] respectively, then assumed that as Homo erectus moved up the food chain, they lost an gild of magnitude in density. With a habitat of 68 million km² ("the Quondam Earth south of latitude 50° north, minus Australia"), Homo erectus could have numbered around 1.7 one thousand thousand individuals. After being replaced by Homo sapiens and moving into the New Earth and de-glaciated territory, by 10,000 BC earth population was approaching four 1000000 people.[two] McEvedy and Jones argue that, after populating the maximum available range, this was the limit of our food-gathering ancestors, with further population growth requiring food-producing activities.[three]

The initial population "upswing" began around 5000 BC. Global population gained fifty% in the fifth millennium BC, and 100% each millennium until thou BC, reaching fifty 1000000 people. Afterward the offset of the Iron Age, growth rate reached its peak with a doubling time of 500 years. However, growth slackened between 500 BC and one AD, before ceasing effectually 200 Advertising. This "primary cycle" was, at this time in history, confined to Europe, Northward Africa, and mainland Asia.[4] McEvedy and Jones draw a secondary, "medieval cycle" being led by feudal Europe and Song China from around 900 AD.[five]

During the period from 500 to 900 globe population grew slowly simply the growth rate accelerated betwixt 900 and 1300 when the population doubled. During the 14th century, there was a fall in population associated with the Black Death that spread from Asia to Europe. This was followed by a period of restrained growth for 300 years.[vi]

John F. Richards estimated the post-obit globe populations from the early modern menstruum, 1500-1800.[7]

  • 1500 world population 400-500 meg
  • 1600 globe population 500-600 million
  • 1700 world population 600-700 million
  • 1800 world population 850-950 million

In the 18th century globe population entered a period of accelerated growth. European population reached a superlative growth rate of x per thousand per year in the second half of the 19th century. During the 20th century, the growth rate amidst the European populations fell and was overtaken by a rapid acceleration in the growth rate in other continents, which reached 21 per thou per yr in the last l years of the millennium. Between 1900 and 2000, the population of the globe increased by 277%, a fourfold increase from 1.5 billion to 6 billion. The European component increased by 124%, and the remainder by 349%.[6]

Asia [edit]

Bharat [edit]

The Indian population was about 100 million in 1500. Under the Mughal Empire, the population rose to 160 million in 1700 by 1800 the population rose to 185 1000000.[eight] Mughal India had a relatively loftier degree of urbanization for its fourth dimension, with xv% of its population living in urban centres, college than the percent of the urban population in gimmicky Europe at the time and higher than that of British Bharat in the 19th century.[9] Under the British Raj, the population reached 255 million co-ordinate to the demography taken in 1881.[10] [eleven] [12] [13]

Studies of India'due south population since 1881 have focused on such topics as full population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a one thousand thousand, and the iii cities with populations over viii 1000000: Delhi, Greater Mumbai (Bombay), and Kolkata (Calcutta).[14]

Bloodshed rates fell in 1920-45 era, primarily due to biological immunization. Other factors included rise incomes and better living conditions, improved ameliorate nutrition, a safer and cleaner environmental, and better official health policies and medical care.[xv]

Severe overcrowding in the cities caused major public wellness problems, as noted in an official written report from 1938:[sixteen]

In the urban and industrial areas ... cramped sites, the loftier values of land and the necessity for the worker to live in the vicinity of his work ... all tend to intensify congestion and overcrowding. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and oftentimes back to back .... Indeed space is and so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the merely approach to the houses. Fail of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absenteeism of latrines enhance the full general pollution of air and soil.

China [edit]

Cathay has older bureaucratic records than whatever other country.[17] For instance, Chinese royal examinations can be dated dorsum to 165 C.E.[eighteen] British Economist Angus Maddison roughly estimated Asia'south past populations through detailed analysis of Prc'due south bureaucratic records and the country's by gross domestic product.[xix]

Population of Asia i-1820 C.E. (1000000)

Source: Maddison[19]

Twelvemonth 1 thousand 1500 1600 1700 1820
China 59.six 59.0 103.0 160.0 138.0 381.0
India 75.0 75.0 110.0 135.0 165.0 209.0
Japan 3.0 7.v 15.4 18.5 27.0 31.0
Korea 1.vi 3.9 viii.0 10.0 12.2 13.8
Indonesia two.8 five.2 10.7 eleven.7 13.1 17.ix
Indochina ane.1 2.2 four.5 five.0 5.ix 8.ix
Other East Asia 5.9 9.8 14.4 sixteen.nine 19.8 23.half dozen
Islamic republic of iran iv.0 4.5 iv.0 5.0 five.0 6.6
Turkey 6.1 7.three 6.3 vii.nine viii.4 10.1
Other West Asia 15.1 8.5 vii.5 8.five 7.iv eight.five
Total Asia 174.2 182.9 283.8 378.5 401.8 710.iv

In the 15th century, People's republic of china had approximately 100 1000000 population.[20] During the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties, Cathay experienced a loftier population increase. From the years 1749 to 1811 the population doubled from approximately 177 million to 358 meg.[21] Advances in China's agriculture fabricated feeding such a growing population possible. Yet, by 1815 increased rice prices caused landless households to favor feeding male infants which acquired an increase in infant female mortality.[22] Center form households did the opposite due to their college economic ways and their infant female mortality rate declined.[23] The rising cost of rice additionally afflicted the developed demographics, adult male mortality charge per unit increased more than the adult female mortality rate.[24]

The growing population of People's republic of china connected into the 21st century. The country continued to face the strenuous effect of how to feed its ever-growing population. In 1979 farthermost reform was put into identify with the implementation of China's 1-child policy.[25]

Early on modern Europe [edit]

The population of early modern Europe, circa 1600 is estimated as follows (per Karl Julius Beloch,[26] except for Russia for which Vodarsky's approximate is provided[27]):

  • Italy, thirteen,000,000
  • Kingdom of spain and Portugal, 10,000,000
  • France, 16,000,000, in its boundaries in 1600[28]
  • England and Wales, 4,500,000
  • Scotland and Ireland, ii,000,000
  • Netherlands, 3,000,000, including the Spanish Netherlands in 1600[29]
  • Denmark, 600,000
  • Sweden, Norway, and Finland: i,400,000
  • Poland with Prussia: 3,000,000
  • Federal republic of germany: 20,000,000, probably including most or all of the territory of the Holy Roman Empire exterior Italy.[30]
  • Russia: 7,000,000 (the population of the Tsardom of Russian federation inside the 1600 borders)

Come across also [edit]

  • Historical demography, Methodology and sources
  • Classical demography, Ancient world
  • Medieval demography
  • Early modern demography
  • Paleodemography
  • Prehistoric demography
  • Category:Demographic history by state or region

References [edit]

  1. ^ Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (June 29, 1978). Atlas of World Population History. p. xiii.
  2. ^ Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (June 29, 1978). Atlas of Globe Population History. p. 14.
  3. ^ Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (June 29, 1978). Atlas of World Population History. p. 15.
  4. ^ Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (June 29, 1978). Atlas of World Population History. p. 343.
  5. ^ Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (June 29, 1978). Atlas of World Population History. p. 345.
  6. ^ a b Historical Demography in Encyclopedia of Public Health, Retrieved on 3 May 2005
  7. ^ Richards, John F. (1997). "Early Modern Republic of india and Earth History". Journal of Earth History. viii (two): 197–209. doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0071. ISSN 1527-8050. S2CID 143582665.
  8. ^ Colin McEvedy; Richard Jones (1978). Atlas of World Population History (PDF). New York: Facts on File. pp. 184–185.
  9. ^ Abraham Eraly (2007), The Mughal World: Life in India's Concluding Golden Age, page 5, Penguin Books
  10. ^ Anatole Romaniuk, "Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography." Canadian Studies in Population 40.3-iv (2014): 248-251. Online
  11. ^ Parameswara Krishnan, Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography (Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) ISBN 978-8176466387
  12. ^ Kingsley Davis, The Population of Bharat and Pakistan (Princeton University Press, 1951).
  13. ^ Kingsley Davis, "The population of Republic of india." Far Eastern Survey (1943): 76-79. in JSTOR
  14. ^ J.H. Khan, "Population growth and demographic change in Republic of india," Asian Contour (2004) 32#5 pp 441-460
  15. ^ Ira Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British Republic of india: Function Two: The demographic revolution," Indian Economic Social History Review (1990) 27#ane pp 33-63 doi: 10.1177/001946469002700102 Online
  16. ^ Klein, "Population growth and bloodshed in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution," p 42
  17. ^ Creel, H. Yard. (1964). "The Ancestry of Bureaucracy in China: The Origin of the Hsien". The Journal of Asian Studies. 23 (2): 155–184. doi:x.2307/2050130. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2050130.
  18. ^ Creel, H. G. (1964). "The Beginnings of Bureaucracy in Prc: The Origin of the Hsien". The Journal of Asian Studies. 23 (2): 156. doi:10.2307/2050130. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2050130.
  19. ^ a b Maddison, Angus. "Growth of Globe Population, Gdp and Gdp Per Capita earlier 1820" (PDF).
  20. ^ "The origins of the modern globe: a global and ecology narrative from the fifteenth to the twenty-commencement century". Choice Reviews Online. 53 (4): 53–1875. 2015-11-18. doi:x.5860/option.191856. ISSN 0009-4978.
  21. ^ "Bug and Trends in Prc's Demographic History | Asia for Educators | Columbia University". afe.easia.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2020-08-31 .
  22. ^ Bengtsson, Tommy; Campbell, Cameron; Lee, James Z. (2004). Life under Pressure level: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. The MIT Press. p. 433. doi:ten.7551/mitpress/4227.001.0001. ISBN978-0-262-26809-7.
  23. ^ Bengtsson, Tommy; Campbell, Cameron; Lee, James Z. (2004). Life under Pressure level: Bloodshed and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. The MIT Press. p. 433. doi:10.7551/mitpress/4227.001.0001. ISBN978-0-262-26809-vii.
  24. ^ Bengtsson, Tommy; Campbell, Cameron; Lee, James Z. (2004). Life nether Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900. The MIT Printing. p. 434. doi:10.7551/mitpress/4227.001.0001. ISBN978-0-262-26809-seven.
  25. ^ Howden, David; Zhou, Yang (2015). "Why Did Prc'south Population Grow and so Chop-chop?". The Contained Review. xx (2): 227–248. ISSN 1086-1653. JSTOR 24562066.
  26. ^ Julius Beloch, "Dice Bevölkerung Europas zur Zeit der Renaissance" in Zeitschrift für Socialwissenschaft, 1900, pp. 765 to 786.
  27. ^ Gorskaya, Natalia (1994). Историческая демография России эпохи феодализма: итоги и проблемы изучения (in Russian). Наука. pp. 93–96. ISBN9785020097506.
  28. ^ Beloch gives it an area of 470,000 km2, too small for France in 1900.
  29. ^ Beloch gives it an surface area of 75,000 km2, plenty to include Belgium and mayhap even Luxemburg.
  30. ^ Beloch gives information technology an area of 720,000 km2, almost twice the size of modern Germany.

Further reading [edit]

  • Cipolla, Carlo Yard. The economical history of world population (1974 online costless
  • Fogel, Robert W. The Escape from Hunger and Premature Decease, 1700-2100: Europe, America, and the 3rd Globe (2004)
  • Fogel, Robert W. Explaining Long-Term Trends in Health and Longevity (2014)
  • Lee, Ronald. " The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change," Periodical of Economical Perspectives (2003) 17#4 pp. 167–190 online
  • Livi-Bacci, Massimo. A concise history of world population (Wiley, 2012) extract
  • McEvedy, Colin. Atlas of Earth Population History (1978) Basic graphs of total population for every region of the world from 400 BC to 2000 Advertising online free
  • Wrigley, E.A. Population and History (1976)

Ancient [edit]

  • Bagnall, R.Southward. and Frier, B.W. The Demography of Roman Egypt (1994) Using data on family unit registers during the first three centuries AD, and modern demographic methods and models. Reconstructs the patterns of mortality, marriage, fertility, and migration.
  • Scheidel, Walter, ed. Debating Roman Demography (Brill: Leiden, 2001)
  • *Scheidel, Walter. Roman Population Size: The Logic of the Debate, July 2007, Princeton/Stanford Working Papers in Classics

Asia [edit]

  • Davis, Kingsley. The Population of Bharat and Pakistan (1951) Snippets
  • Dyson, Tim, ed. India'southward Historical Demography: Studies in Famine, Disease and Society (, London: Curzon, 1989)
    • Mari Bhat, P. N. "Mortality and fertility in India, 1881–1961: a reassessment." in India's Historical Demography (1989).
  • Hanley, Susan B., and Kozo Yamamura. Economical and demographic modify in pre-industrial Japan 1600-1868 (1977).
  • Krishnan, Parameswara. Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography (Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) ISBN 978-8176466387
  • Lee, James Z. and Feng Wang. Ane Quarter of Humanity: Malthusian Mythology and Chinese Realities, 1700-2000 (2002); argues Mainland china'due south marital fertility was far below European levels esp, because of infanticide and ballgame, equally well as lower rates of union for men, depression rates of marital fertility, and loftier rates of adoption
  • Peng, Xizhe. "Cathay'southward demographic history and futurity challenges." Science 333.6042 (2011): 581-587.
  • Taeuber, Irene Barnes. The population of Japan (1958).

Britain [edit]

  • Eversley, D. Due east. C. An Introduction to English language Historical Demography (1966)
  • Houston, R. A. The Population History of Britain and Ireland 1500-1750 (1995)
  • Lindert, Peter H. "English living standards, population growth, and Wrigley-Schofield." Explorations in Economic History 20.2 (1983): 131-155.
  • Wrigley, Edward Anthony, and Roger S. Schofield. The population history of England 1541-1871 (Cambridge University Press, 1989)
  • Wrigley, E. A. ed. English Population History from Family unit Reconstitution 1580-1837 (1997)

Western Europe [edit]

  • Cain, L.P. and DG Paterson. The Children of Eve: Population and Well-beingness in History (Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) 391 pp.; Covers Europe and North America
  • Flinn, Michael West. The European Demographic System, 1500-1820 (1981)
  • Glass, David 5. and David E.C. Eversley, Population in History: Essays in Historical Demography, London: Edward E. Arnold, 1965
    • Henry, Louis. "The population of French republic in the eighteenth century." Population in History pp 441+
  • Herlihy, David. "Population, Plague and Social Change in Rural Pistoia, 1201–1430." Economic History Review (1965) 18#2 pp: 225-244. [www.jstor.org/stable/2592092 in JSTOR], on Italia
  • Imhof, Arthur E. "Historical demography equally social history: possibilities in Germany." Journal of family history (1977) 2#four pp: 305-332.
  • Kelly, Morgan, and Cormac Ó Gráda. "Living standards and bloodshed since the center ages." Economical History Review (2014) 67#2 pp: 358-381.
  • Knodel, John. "Ii and a half centuries of demographic history in a Bavarian village." Population studies 24.three (1970): 353-376. Online
  • Livi Bacci, Massimo et al. Population and Nutrition: An Essay on European Demographic History (Cambridge Studies in Population, Economy and Club in Past Time) (1991).
  • Russell, Josiah Cox. "Belatedly ancient and medieval population." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society (1958): 1-152. in JSTOR
  • Walter, John W. and Roger Schofield, eds. Famine, Affliction and the Social Order in Early on Modern Club (1991)

Eastern Europe [edit]

  • Katus, Kalev. "Demographic trends in Estonia throughout the centuries." Yearbook of Population Enquiry in Republic of finland 28 (1990): 50-66.
  • Katus, Kalev, et al. "Fertility Evolution in the Baltic Countries Since 1990: a Transformation in the Context of Long-term Trends." Finnish Yearbook of Population Research 44 (2009): 7-32.
  • Lutz, Wolfgang, and Sergei Scherbov, eds. Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Wedlock Before 1991 (1993)
  • McCarthy, Justin. Population history of the Middle E and the Balkans (Isis Press, 2002)

Latin America [edit]

  • Cook, Noble David. Demographic Collapse: Indian Peru, 1520-1620 (Cambridge Academy Press, 2004)
  • Sanchez-Albornoz, Nicolas, and Due west.A.R. Richardson. Population of Latin America: A History (1974)

Centre East [edit]

  • Karpat, Kemal H. Ottoman Population, 1830-1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics (1985)
  • McCarthy, Justin. Population history of the Middle Eastward and the Balkans (Isis Press, 2002)
  • Todorov, Nikolai. "The Historical Demography of the Ottoman Empire: Issues and Tasks." in Dimitrije Djordjević, and Richard B. Spence, eds. Scholar, Patriot, Mentor: Historical Essays in Honor of Dimitrije Djordjevic (1992) pp: 151-171.

North America [edit]

  • Fogel, Robert W. "Nutrition and the decline in bloodshed since 1700: Some preliminary findings." in by Stanley 50. Engerman and Robert E. Gallman, eds. Long-term factors in American economic growth (U of Chicago Press, 1986) pp 439–556.
  • Hacker, J. David. "A census-based count of the Civil War Expressionless." Civil War History (2011) 57# pp: 307-348. Online
  • Haines, Michael R. and Richard H. Steckel.. A Population History of North America (2000)
  • Klein, Herbert S. A population history of the United States (Cambridge Academy Press, 2012) ) excerpt [ permanent dead link ]
  • Smith, Daniel Scott. "The demographic history of colonial New England." The journal of economic history 32.01 (1972): 165-183. Online
  • Smith, Daniel Scott, and Michael S. Hindus. "Premarital pregnancy in America 1640-1971: An overview and interpretation." The periodical of interdisciplinary history 5.4 (1975): 537-570. in JSTOR

Comparative [edit]

  • Lundh, Christer and Satomi Kurosu. Similarity in Difference: Marriage in Europe and Asia, 1700-1900 (2014)

External links [edit]

  • http://www.history.ac.united kingdom/makinghistory/themes/demographic_history.html

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographic_history

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